Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory infection, yet its impact can be far more serious than many people realize. While most healthy individuals experience mild, cold-like symptoms, RSV poses significant risks to infants, older adults, and those with compromised health. Understanding who is vulnerable, how the virus spreads, and what symptoms to watch for can make a meaningful difference in early recognition and care. Gaining clear insight into RSV helps families stay informed and better protected.
Who’s Vulnerable to RSV?
RSV poses a significant threat to children under two years of age, ranking as the leading cause of hospitalizations among infants under one year old in developed nations. Premature infants, adults aged 65 and older, and individuals with chronic heart and lung conditions face an elevated risk of severe illness and hospitalization.
RSV Seasonality
RSV infections are a year-round concern, with a notable increase in cases during the late fall to early spring in North America. The precise onset and conclusion of RSV season vary slightly each year, with infections peaking during January and February. RSV infections typically follow a two-year cycle, alternating between high numbers and increased severity one year and milder cases the next.
While most children experience at least one RSV infection by the age of two, previous infections do not provide long-lasting immunity. Antibodies produced by the immune system in response to RSV infection typically last only six to 12 months, necessitating repeated exposure to maintain high antibody levels. This cycle explains the alternating pattern of severe and mild RSV infections.
How RSV Spreads
RSV transmission occurs through two primary means:
- Contact with objects contaminated by respiratory secretions from an infected person. When the individual touches their nose or mouth, the germs on their hands can lead to their own infection.
- Inhalation of the virus when an infected person coughs or sneezes within close proximity (one meter) without covering their nose or mouth.
Recognizing RSV Symptoms
RSV symptoms typically appear three to seven days after infection and resemble those of a common cold, including fever, runny or congested nose, sore throat, cough, and decreased energy. Muscle aches and decreased appetite may also be present. Some individuals may experience breathing difficulties. Notably, RSV symptoms closely mimic those of other respiratory viruses.
Treatment for RSV
As RSV is a viral infection, antibiotics are ineffective in shortening its duration or reducing its contagiousness. No antiviral medications are available for treating RSV infections. Most patients can manage their symptoms at home:
- Use antipyretics (fever-reducing medications) if fever is present, although this does not shorten the illness.
- Saline sprays or drops help relieve nasal congestion and can be used frequently without risk of overdose.
- Commercially available nasal aspirators can aid infants and children in breathing more comfortably.
- Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration, offering small amounts regularly. For infants, breastmilk or formula is suitable, while older children can consume a variety of fluids, including oral rehydration solutions, broths, popsicles, ice cream, and gelatin. Extended periods of consuming only water should be avoided.
When to Seek Emergency Care for RSV in Children
While most RSV cases can be managed at home, certain circumstances warrant medical attention:
- Rapid or labored breathing, even without fever.
- Significant reduction in feeding among infants.
- Excessive sleepiness or difficulty in waking.
- No urination in 12 hours.
Hospitalization may be necessary for RSV-infected patients requiring:
- Supplementary oxygen.
- Intravenous fluids due to dehydration.
Protecting Against RSV
Today, infants can be protected from severe RSV through two immunization pathways: a maternal RSV vaccine given during late pregnancy or a long-acting RSV antibody given directly to the baby. Most infants only need one of these options. The maternal vaccine helps mothers pass protective antibodies to their baby before birth, offering months of early protection. Babies whose mothers did not receive the vaccine can receive an infant RSV antibody, which provides immediate defense throughout the RSV season. Some young children at higher risk may also qualify for this antibody.
In addition to immunization, everyday preventive habits remain essential for reducing RSV transmission:
- Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly
- Maintain space from others in public settings
- Wear masks in crowded or enclosed indoor environments
To help protect those around you:
- Stay home when sick
- Cover coughs and sneezes with your elbow or a tissue
By combining immunization with strong hygiene practices, families can significantly reduce RSV risks and help safeguard vulnerable infants and communities.
Staying Informed to Stay Protected
RSV continues to be a widespread virus that demands awareness, especially among families with infants, older adults, or individuals with chronic conditions. While many infections can be managed at home with supportive care, understanding warning signs and acting quickly when symptoms escalate is crucial. Preventive habits like frequent handwashing, masking in crowded indoor spaces, and staying home when ill remain powerful tools in reducing transmission.
Equipping yourself with accurate information empowers you to respond confidently if RSV enters your household. Although no vaccine currently exists, protective antibodies and thoughtful prevention strategies can significantly lessen complications in high-risk groups. With knowledge, vigilance, and community-minded behavior, we can help reduce the burden of RSV and promote safer, healthier environments for everyone.